No explicit information is provided to participants about the prescribed location sequence. In this task, participants view a series of lights that are illuminated in a repeated sequence of locations (e.g., a 10-event sequence based on four possible locations), and respond by pressing the button corresponding to the location of each illumination. A classic experimental method used is the serial reaction time (SRT) task, developed to study visual-spatial sequence learning ( Nissen and Bullemer, 1987). The acquisition of sequential structure has been studied extensively in the field of implicit learning. These examples illustrate that sequential structures are prevalent in everyday life, and that both the ordinal and temporal components are essential parts of the structure. For these activities, the order and the timing of the events create the distinct structure that distinguishes a gymnastics routine, a song, or a sentence from other instances of each of these activities. What do gymnastics, music, and language have in common? All three have sequential structure events occur in a defined order (ordinal structure) with specific timing (temporal structure). These findings provide the first evidence of the learning of temporal structure with an uncorrelated ordinal structure, and set a foundation for further investigation of temporal cognition. ![]() Post-test results suggested that participants did not have explicit knowledge of the metrical temporal structures. The introduction of a test block with a novel temporal structure slowed RT and exemplified the typical implicit learning profile. Reaction times (RT) revealed that participants learned the temporal structures over the exposure blocks (decrease in RT) without a correlated ordinal dimension. Our task was an adaptation of the classical Serial Reaction Time paradigm, using an implicit task in the auditory domain (syllable identification). In our study, two experiments investigated temporal structure learning based on Inter-Onset-Intervals in the presence of an uncorrelated second dimension (ordinal structure) with metrically organized temporal structures. In these studies, the temporal structures were without metrical organization and were dependent upon participants’ response times (Response-to-Stimulus Intervals). The few experiments investigating temporal structure learning have concluded that temporal structures can be learned only when coupled with another structural dimension, such as musical pitch or spatial location. Implicit learning of sequential structures has been investigated mostly for visual, spatial, or motor learning, but rarely for temporal structure learning.
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